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Volume-VI

, Issue-II

(SPRING 2021)

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01 - Perceptions of Pakistani Students on Online Classes During COVID-19

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).01
10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).01      Published : Jun 2021

Abstract

    The worth of online education has been increased to a great extent during Covid 19. The present study investigates the perceptions of Pakistani university students regarding online classes. The data was collected from 300 students of 4 universities in Lahore. The findings specified a sufficient level of satisfaction among the participants, but with an encounter of the hindrances caused by the tech... Details

    Online Learning, Online Teaching, Online Classes, Perceptions, Distance Learning, Online Technologies

    (1) Ayesha Butt
    Department of TESOL, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Fareeha Javed
    Department of TESOL, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Sameera Ayub Bhatti
    Lecturer, Department of English, The University of Lahore, (Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance), Punjab, Pakistan.
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02 - The Role of Strategic Leadership on Employee Performance with Mediating Effect o

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).02
10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).02      Published : Jun 2021

Abstract

    The study was conducted to investigate the relationship of strategic leadership on employee performance through the mediation of employee engagement in the Higher Education Commission Islamabad head office. The inquiry was conducted in a natural working environment of an organization where respondents are situated/located that is a field study. A simple random sampling technique was used to carry ... Details

    Islamabad, Higher Education Commission, Strategic Leadership, Employee Engagement, Employee Performance

    (1) Bushra Alvi
    HR Officer, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
    (2) Aftab Haider
    Senior Assistant Professor, Business Studies Department, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
    (3) Muhammad Akram
    Senior Assistant Professor, Department of Business Studies, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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03 - Exploring the Influence of Teachers' Experience on the Responses about L1 use in

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).03
10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).03      Published : Jun 2021

Abstract

    The focus of the current research was to explore the influence of teachers' experience on the responses about L1 use in L2 teaching. To investigate an evident and contemplative comprehension of this topic or subject matter, the available research targeted the 156 teachers who were practising teaching English at graduation level in different public sector colleges and universities of the Southern P... Details

    Teacher, Experience, College, University, Teaching, Grammar

    (1) Muhammad Ahsan
    Lecturer, Department of English, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Noshaba Younus
    Assistant Professor, Department of English, Riphah International University, Faisalabad Campus, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Muhammad Naeem
    Department of English, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan.
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04 - Work-Family Conflict and Organizational Commitment: A study of University Teache

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).04
10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).04      Published : Jun 2021

Abstract

    The purpose of this study was to see if there was an association between work-family conflict and organizational commitment in university teachers. It was a quantitative research study that used a correlational research methodology, which means that no variables were modified and were instead revealed as they were. Teachers at the University of Education Lahore were the study's subjects. Carlson's... Details

    Work-Family Conflict, Family Interference with Work, Work Interference with Family, Normative Commitment, Affective Commitment, Continuance Commitment, Organizational Commitment

    (1) Rizwan Ahmad
    University of Education, Lower Mall Campus Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Fareeha Javed
    Head, Department of TESOL, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Kamal Ud Din
    Lecturer, Department of Educational Development, Karakoram International University, Gilgit Balitstan, Pakistan.
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05 - Virtual Studies - Academic Revolution of COVID-19: A Case Study of Department of

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).05
10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).05      Published : Jun 2021

Abstract

    The pandemic of Covid-19 has indeed affected the overall modern lifestyle globally. The lockdown leads to the closure of educational institutes around the world. The situation is not different in twin cities (Rawalpindi and Islamabad). The present research was designed to collect the opinions and perceptions of students regarding virtual learning. Department of Anthropology offers Facebook online ... Details

    Virtual Studies, Learning Management System, Education, Covid-19, COVID-19 and Education, Distance Learning

    (1) Abid Ghafoor Chaudhry
    Chairman, Department of Anthropology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Aftab Ahmed
    Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Sociology, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
    (3) Mahwish Zeeshan
    Lecturer, Department of Anthropology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan.
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06 - A Comparative Study of the Effectiveness of Online and Traditional ESL Teaching

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).06
10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).06      Published : Jun 2021

Abstract

    The present study investigates and compares the effectiveness of online and traditional ESL teaching with the perspective of teachers and the challenges they face in both scenarios. The population of the study is Pakistani ESL teachers, whereas the sample of the study was comprised of twenty ESL teachers teaching at the undergraduate level. Questionnaires and interviews were used as the research t... Details

    Online Teaching, Traditional Teaching, English as a Second Language (ESL)

    (1) Faiza Saleem
    Research Scholar, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Ayesha Butt
    Assistant Professor, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Sadia Rafique
    Lecturer, National University of Modern Languages, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
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07 - Effectiveness of Diploma of Associate Engineers (DAE) Program Working Under TEVT

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).07
10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).07      Published : Jun 2021

Abstract

    Present study was aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the Diploma of Associate Engineers (DAE) Program working under TEVTA. The population of the study was comprised of all the employees (Civil, Mechanical and Electrical) working in public and private organizations in Punjab. Employees were selected on a convenient basis. Therefore, 143 employees were a sample of the study. A questionnaire f... Details

    Curriculum, Physical Facilities, Administrative Facilities, Assessment and Evaluation System, Social Factors

    (1) Mehwish Gull
    PhD Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore,Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Abid Hussain Ch.
    Dean, Faculty of Education Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
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08 - Inquiry-Based Teaching: Emotional Intelligence and Academic Excellence of Univer

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).08
10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).08      Published : Jun 2021

Abstract

    The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of inquiry-based teaching on emotional intelligence and academic excellence in students. This study aims to find the connection between emotional intelligence and academic excellence the of university students. This research was using the inquiry process as a learning and teaching in which the teachers provide detailed instruction and rec... Details

    Inquiry-Based Teaching, Emotional Intelligence, Academic Excellence, Conventional Learning Approach, Navigate Emotions

    (1) Hina Kaynat
    Researcher, Department of Education, Islamia University Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Abid Shahzad
    Assistant Professor/Director (Directorate of International Linkages), Department of Education, Islamia University Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Samia Zaheer
    PhD Scholar, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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09 - Exploring In-Service Teachers' Self-Efficacy Beliefs regarding Online Teaching:

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).09
10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).09      Published : Jun 2021

Abstract

    This qualitative multi-case study aims to understand the self-efficacy beliefs of in-service teachersconcerning online teaching. The technological pedagogical content knowledge framework was incorporated tooutline the self-efficacy beliefs of in-service teachers for conducting online teaching successfully, especially in thisadvanced learning environment. The self-efficacy theory by Bandura and TPA... Details

    TPACK Framework, Self-Efficacy Beliefs, In-Service Teachers, Online Teaching, Twenty-First-Century Skills, Qualitative Multi-Case Study

    (1) Ume Hani
    MPhil Scholar, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Mariam Naz
    MPhil Scholar, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Yaar Muhammad
    Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
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10 - Impact of Continuous Assessment Techniques on Students' Academic Performance at

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).10
10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).10      Published : Jun 2021

Abstract

    The purpose of the research is to find out the impact of continuous assessment techniques such as oral tests, written test home assignments and re-cape exercises on the academic performance of students at the secondary level. Present research work revolves around some salient issues on continuous assessment implementation with emphasis on the empirical impact of continuous assessment on the academ... Details

    Continuous Assessment Techniques, Academic Performance, Oral Test, Written Test, Home Assignment, Re-Cape Exercise

    (1) Muhammad Asghar Ali
    Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Women University of AJ&K, Bagh, Pakistan.
    (2) Kosar Younas
    MPhil Scholar, Women University of AJ&K, Bagh, Pakistan.
    (3) Muhammad Mushtaq
    Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Women University of AJ&K, Bagh, Pakistan.
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11 - Role of Headteachers as an Instructional Leader

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).11
10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).11      Published : Jun 2021

Abstract

    To create a better grasp of the important concepts, topics, and difficulties in the area, this paper evaluates the current theoretical and empirical literature on the headteacher as an instructional leader. We investigated the role of the "headteacher as an instructional leader" in this study. We provided a working definition of instructional leaders, discussed the various roles played by headteac... Details

    Head Teachers, Instructional Leader, Education, Pakistan Education System

    (1) Muneeba Tahira
    Ph. D Scholar, Department of Education, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) M. Imran Yousuf
    Chairman, Department of Education, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Abdul Saboor
    Dean, Department of Social Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan.
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12 - Challenges to Private School Teachers in Remote Areas of Pakistan During Pandemi

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).12
10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).12      Published : Jun 2021

Abstract

    It was because of the worldwide lockdown, the COVID-19 had quite a significant impact on corporate organizations as well as the lives of millions of people. It had an impact on the supply chain as well. The impact of the COVID-19 period on educational systems and institutions was studied in this study. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the research conducted on primary school ... Details

    Private School Teachers, Pakistan, Pandemic, COVID-19

    (1) Bushra Noor
    National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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13 - Implementation of Inclusive Education in Pakistan: A Case of School Culture

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).13
10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).13      Published : Jun 2021

Abstract

    There is growing awareness and desire to implement inclusive education in Pakistan. This quantitative study tried to assess the level of implementation of inclusive practices in public and private sector schools through the voices of headteachers and teachers. The status of implementation is explored by using a five-point Likert type scale developed on the framework of Index of Inclusion (Booth an... Details

    School Development, Index of Inclusion, Implementation of Inclusive Practice, School Culture, School Policies, and School Practices

    (1) Uzma Rafique
    Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Abdul Hameed
    Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
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15 - Thriving at Work: The Effect of Psychological Capital on Teachers Burnout Sympto

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).15
10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).15      Published : Jun 2021

Abstract

    Besides thriving primary school teachers' performance, we hypothesized that whether teachers' burnout at the workplace can be reversed through psychological capital or what type of relationship exists between them. Quantitative data were gathered from 1005 participants. All the respondents were associated with primary schools located in 4 districts of the Punjab province. The data collection was d... Details

    Psychological Capital, Burnout Symptoms, Workplace Stress, Performance, Teachers

    (1) Shagufta Anjum
    Ph.D. scholar, GC University Faisalabad, Senior Headmistress Government Juher Girls High School Gulberg Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Shumaila Shehzad
    Assistant Professor, Department of Education, GC University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Hina Jalal
    Visiting Faculty, University of Education, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
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16 - Variation in Leadership Styles Based on Gender and School System in Baltistan R

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).16
10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).16      Published : Jun 2021

Abstract

    Previous studies show divided views on how female-school-leadership styles differ from their male counterparts in both public and private schools. This survey designed research employed a structured questionnaire to collect data from one hundred (120) headteachers (63 male, 57 female) about their leadership styles practices from elementary schools of the Baltistan region. Schools were selected thr... Details

    Educational Leadership, School Leadership, School Principals, Autocratic Leadership Styles, Democratic Leadership Styles, Situational Leadership Style

    (1) Kamal Ud Din
    Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Development, Karakoram International University, Gilgit Balitstan, Pakistan.
    (2) Zaheer Abbas
    M. Phil Scholar, Department of Educational Development, Karakoram International University, Gilgit Balitstan, Pakistan.
    (3) Musarrat Habib
    Assistant Professor, University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
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17 - Impact of Intrinsic Motivation on Student's Learning at Elementary Level

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).17
10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).17      Published : Jun 2021

Abstract

    This research is conducted to examine the impact of intrinsic motivation on students' learning at the elementary level. The study seeks to understand which type of intrinsic motivation is more closely aligned to authentic student engagement as identified. A descriptive and qualitative research design was adopted, and data was collected from one elementary school teacher and students. The study pop... Details

    Intrinsic Motivation, Students, Education, Elementary Level

    (1) Sana Khan
    Ph.D. Scholar, Cyprus International University, North Cyprus, Cyprus
    (2) Asifa Younas
    Ph.D. Scholar, Lahore College Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
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18 - Perceiving the Paradigm of Semester System and the State of Affairs in Running i

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).18
10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).18      Published : Jun 2021

Abstract

    The semester system is, now a days, prevailing in almost every country around the world due to its more effective in conducting the process of teaching and learning. As with other systems, this system also has a specific philosophy that gives it a certain shape of semester. If it is to run with its genuine mode, then its philosophy should be understood. The ideas that work behind its functioning a... Details

    Semester System, Credit Hour, Flexibility, Grade Point Average

    (1) Lubna Shoukat
    Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Training, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Muhammad Waheed
    Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Research and Evaluation, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Muhammad Shahzad Nawaz
    Ph.D scholar, Department of Educational Training, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
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19 - The Effects of Violence in Television Programs on Social Behavior of Preschoole

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).19
10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).19      Published : Jun 2021

Abstract

    The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of television violence on the social behavior of preschoolers. The design of the study was descriptive based on survey research. The population of the study consisted of all the mothers of a preschooler in Lahore, Pakistan. A sample comprised of 92 mothers of preschoolers of Allama Iqbal town Lahore and data were collected through a q... Details

    Violence, Social Behavior, Preschoolers

    (1) Sohail Mazhar
    Department of Education, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Shamim Ullah
    Lecturer, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Azhar Majeed Qureshi
    Assistant Professor of Science Education, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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20 - Teachers Preferred Teaching Styles and Students' Learning Performance

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).20
10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).20      Published : Jun 2021

Abstract

    The quality of teaching and learning improvement lies in its effectiveness that promotes teachers' teaching styles and its alignment with the pupils' learning styles has a vital impact in teaching-learning process at the university level. The current study explored the teachers' preferred teaching styles with pupils' learning performance in public sector universities in Punjab province. The popula... Details

    Teachers' Teaching Styles, Students' Performance, Teaching Preference

    (1) Muhammad Anees-ul-Hasnain Shah
    Associate Professor, Department of Education, University of Education Lahore, DG Khan Campus, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Shahbaz Ahmad
    Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Education Lahore, DG Khan Campus, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Muhammad Naveed Khalid
    Resource Person, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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21 - Role of Mobile Learning in Enhancing Academic Achievement of Students at Univer

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).21
10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).21      Published : Jun 2021

Abstract

    The main objective of the study was to investigate the role of mobile learning in enhancing the academic achievement of students at the university level. The current study was descriptive in nature, and a survey method was applied for the conduction of the study. The targeted population was all the students of the University of Kotli, Azad Jammu, and Kashmir. The researcher selected 353 university... Details

    Mobile Learning, Academic Achievement, University Level

    (1) Nazir Haider Shah
    Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan.
    (2) Aks E Noor
    Associate Lecturer, Department of Special Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Muhammad Akhtar
    PhD Scholar, Department of Educational Training, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
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23 - An Analysis of the Issue of Burn-Out of School Teachers: Looking Back, Looking

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).23
10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).23      Published : Jun 2021

Abstract

    Abstract: Is there any relationship between organizational culture and teacher's burnout in schools? This is a hot question asking for an answer. This research study has been conducted to explore and understand this relationship. Literature provides for a different outcomes from different studies in different settings and countries. However, majority of studies provide for and establish the relati... Details

    Burnout, School Teachers, Job Stress, Job Satisfaction, Working Relation

    (1) Brekhna Gul
    Lecturer in Political Science, University College for Women, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan.
    (2) Younas Khan
    Assistant Professor, Department of Pakistan Studies, Islamia College University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
    (3) Safia Bahadur
    Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan.
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24 - Effectiveness of Virtual Laboratory Experiments for Academic Excellence of Chemi

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).24
10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).24      Published : Jun 2021

Abstract

    This study aimed to find the effectiveness of virtual lab experiments. Quasi-Experimental was the design for this study. This study was conducted in Islamabad. Chemistry students of secondary level were selected from the Islamabad model school for boys for experimentation. Control and experimental groups were served the pretest. The experimental group was taught through virtual labs. This treatmen... Details

    Virtual Lab (VL), Academic Achievement, Comprehension, Cognitive

    (1) Wajiha Kanwal
    HoD, Department of Education, University of Wah, Wah Cantonment, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Hamid Ali Nadeem
    Lecturer, Educational Planning, Policy Studies and Leadership (EPPSL), Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Pakistan.
    (3) Sher Muhammad Awan
    Assistant Professor, Faculty of Socials Sciences and Humanities, Hamdard University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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25 - Impact of Head Teacher Leadership Style on the Performance of Teachers at Second

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).25
10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).25      Published : Jun 2021

Abstract

    The main objective of this research study was to find out the impact of headteacher leadership style on the performance of teachers at the secondary level in district Khanewal. The population size of this research study was 3840. The sample size of this research study was 360 teachers. The data was collected by the researcher through visiting the Institutions physically. The findings of this resea... Details

    Leadership Styles, Teachers Performance, Secondary Level

    (1) Anila Kanwal
    MPhil. Scholar Education, Leadership and Management Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
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26 - Impact of Taliban's Takeover on the Academic Performance of Afghan Scholars in P

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).26
10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).26      Published : Jun 2021

Abstract

    The unexpected entry of the Taliban in August 2021 into Kabul (Afghanistan) has not only affectedthe country politically and economically but has also affected its whole education system. This incident, the Taliban'stakeover (TTO), left enormous effects on the academic activities of Afghan students globally. The researchers tendto understand the impacts of TTO on the academic performance of Afghan... Details

    Taliban, Afghanistan Takeover, Academic Performance, Afghan Scholars

    (1) Bin Yamin Khan
    Lecturer, Department of Communication and Media Studies, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan
    (2) Fakhruddin Naseer
    MPhil Scholar, Department of Communication and Media Studies, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan
    (3) Riaz Ahmad
    PhD Scholar of Information and Communication Sciences, Universite' de Lille, France.
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27 - A Quantitative Study of Teachers' Perception of Usefulness of Action Research Sk

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).27
10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).27      Published : Jun 2021

Abstract

    The study was aimed to measure teachers' perception of the usefulness of action research skills. The study was quantitative in approach and experimental in nature. The population of the study consisted of all the female teachers working in public secondary schools of district Kasur. A sample of six teachers from the accessible public school was selected by using the purposive sampling technique. A... Details

    Quantitative Research, Action Research, Action Research Training, Teachers' Perception

    (1) Farah Mehmood
    PhD Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan
    (2) Abid Hussain Ch.
    Dean Faculty of Education, Institute of Education and Research, University of Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan.
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28 - An Analysis of Ideological Load In English Textbooks of Middle and Secondary Lev

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).28
10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).28      Published : Jun 2021

Abstract

    This research examines the inclusion of ideological elements in English textbooks for 6th to 10th grades, developed by the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Text Board Peshawar. The study focuses on assessing whether these ideological elements are suitable for students' linguistic needs. The research design combines quantitative and qualitative methods. Firstly, data on ideological elements in the targeted textb... Details

    Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), National Ideology (NA) Religious Ideology (RI) Literacy Contents (LC)

    (1) Rashid Mustafa
    M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Education and Psychology, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, KP Pakistan.
    (2) Faridullah Khan
    Assistant Professor, Department of Education and Psychology, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, KP Pakistan.
    (3) Muhammad Nisar
    Lecturer, Department of Education and Psychology, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, KP Pakistan.
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